Subsector, 237
Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction
1,194,340 people work in this industry in the US, at mean pay of $75,410 a year (BLS, May 2025). What follows is how much of their working time the best AI models could finish, when, and in which jobs and tasks. Estimates.
of the paid hours. Now is projected from METR's April 2026 measurement and Epoch's November 2026 index.
a year: 466 million hours at what they cost. Not a forecast of savings.
- 22%
- 13%
- 65%
of the paid hours are within reach now in tasks people already bring to Claude. Another 15% is within reach in tasks not yet seen there.
Across the US: 30% within reach now and 36% by the end of 2028, on the long-run pace at four in five. Now is projected from METR's April 2026 measurement and Epoch's November 2026 index.
Share of the paid hours within reach, now to 2030
Change assumptionsHide assumptionsLong-run pace, four in five
What each choice means: , , , , . Every pace starts from .
What handing the work over would take
For the 1,094,958 people in jobs so far, 92% of the industry's people; the others are in the totals above and join this split as the review reaches their jobs. Shares of their working time within reach now, at the pace and reliability chosen above. Estimates. Now is projected from METR's April 2026 measurement and Epoch's November 2026 index.
about 340 million hours a year. The material can be handed to a model and the result handed back.
about 112 million hours a year. The model has to be connected to the system the work lives in.
about 115 million hours a year. Short enough by length. This site leaves conversation with people, so it is not in the totals.
What their work is made of
- 18%
- 5%
- 6%
- 8%
- 63%
Each task's time split among five kinds of doing, judged one task at a time; only documents and systems can count as within reach.
What changes for the people
For the 1,094,958 people in jobs reviewed task by task so far, by the end of 2028 on the long-run pace at four in five: the shares of their working time, from each job page's own map, weighted by how many people here do that job. It says which parts of the work change, never whether anyone keeps a job. Estimates.
Conversation, in-person and hands-on work.
Desk work within reach in tasks where a mistake costs something or a licensed person signs.
Desk work within reach that is small if wrong, with lighter checks.
What most people here would learn first
How many of them have each skill among the first two things to learn on their job's page. Every state, and the US
- The hands-on craft712,710 (65%)
- Judgment where errors are severe673,030 (61%)
- Reviewing work you did not do yourself365,448 (33%)
- The conversations174,408 (16%)
- Briefing a model and checking its drafts169,019 (15%)
- Running AI inside the business systems60,190 (5%)
- Signing off under your license21,900 (2%)
- Dealing with people outside the organization2,550 (under 1%)
- Handling protected records170 (under 1%)
How far this has come
With GPT-4, measured in March 2023, 0% of this industry's paid hours were within reach at . With Claude 3.7 Sonnet, measured in February 2025, 0%. With Claude Mythos Preview (early), measured in April 2026, 11%. Today's estimate: 19%.
A backcast: today's task data with the best model METR had measured by each date. It shows how fast the models have moved, not what anyone forecast at the time.
Robots and the physical work
Anthropic rates 66% of the working time of the people in this industry as physical work. For 54% of the working time, a robot has been shown doing most of the task somewhere: 32% in a purpose-built cell, 17% in a structured facility, 5% in any setting. 0.81 of 3.
- Not physical 34%
- No robot shown 11%
- In a purpose-built cell 32%
- In a structured facility 17%
- In any setting 5%
Anthropic's rating, not this site's estimate: Claude Opus 5, searching the web, rated each physical O*NET task by the kind of setting in which a robot it could cite (deployed, sold or demonstrated) does most of the task, weighted by its own estimate of each task's share of the time (What work can robots do?, September 30, 2026, data CC BY 4.0; every job ranked). A robot shown somewhere is not a robot in your building: cost, setup and safety decide that. The share within reach on this page still counts no body work. Weighted by the people in each occupation; each job's page names the robot behind each rated task.
Where the hours are
Jobs by hours within reach now. Now is projected from METR's April 2026 measurement and Epoch's November 2026 index. The 40 largest jobs hold 89% of the people.
| People | Pay here | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers | 110,250 | 32% | 73 million | $82K |
| Construction Managers | 49,180 | 38% | 39 million | $124K |
| Project Management Specialists | 27,970 | 58% | 34 million | $104K |
| General and Operations Managers | 30,320 | 45% | 28 million | $134K |
| Office Clerks, General | 23,360 | 56% | 27 million | $48K |
| Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks | 11,980 | 88% | 22 million | $55K |
| Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive | 14,730 | 59% | 18 million | $48K |
| First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 16,360 | 47% | 16 million | $94K |
| Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers | 52,460 | 14% | 15 million | $56K |
| Cost Estimators | 12,310 | 49% | 13 million | $100K |
| Accountants and Auditors | 9,910 | 45% | 9.3 million | $89K |
| Carpenters | 29,800 | 15% | 9 million | $63K |
People: BLS counts for this industry, May 2025. Pay here: the median paid for the job in this industry, else its mean, else the national median. 225 smaller jobs (130,680 people) count in every total but are not listed. Task data covers 99% of the industry's people; the rest are in BLS "all other" groups with no task list, or in counts BLS does not publish.
The tasks with the most hours within reach by the end of 2028
Across the whole industry, on the chosen pace and reliability.
- Estimate material or worker requirements to complete jobs.First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers26 million hours100% of the task within reach
- Read specifications, such as blueprints, to determine construction requirements or to plan procedures.First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers13 million hours70% of the task within reach
- Analyze worker or production problems and recommend solutions, such as improving production methods or implementing motivational plans.First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers11 million hours60% of the task within reach
- Analyze blueprints and other documentation to prepare time, cost, materials, and labor estimates.Cost Estimators9.8 million hours100% of the task within reach
- Develop or implement quality control programs.Construction Managers9.5 million hours60% of the task within reach
- Plan, schedule, or coordinate construction project activities to meet deadlines.Construction Managers9.2 million hours60% of the task within reach
- Supervise, coordinate, or schedule the activities of construction or extractive workers.First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers8.1 million hours20% of the task within reach
- Develop or update project plans including information such as objectives, technologies, schedules, funding, and staffing.Project Management Specialists6.8 million hours100% of the task within reach
- Compute, record, and proofread data and other information, such as records or reports.Office Clerks, General5.9 million hours100% of the task within reach
- Plan, organize, or direct activities concerned with the construction or maintenance of structures, facilities, or systems.Construction Managers5.6 million hours40% of the task within reach
Scan a typical company in this industry
The industry's largest jobs, in the proportions BLS counts across the whole industry, at the pay it pays, run through the company scan. A starting point before you have a roster, or a benchmark for the one you have. Or choose the whole industry: every occupation BLS publishes for it with task data, at its nationwide headcount, the sector report ($249 for the full report, or included in Pro).
Inside this industry
Within reach now and by the end of 2028, long-run pace, four in five. Now is projected from METR's April 2026 measurement and Epoch's November 2026 index.
How it is built: BLS counts the people in each job in this industry; each job's tasks and their lengths give its share within reach at a date; the industry's share is those shares weighted by people. Value is pay times 1.43 for benefits and payroll costs. Seen in Claude use splits today's share by whether Anthropic saw people bring each task to Claude in 2025; other AI tools are not counted. How it works
Questions about this industry
- How much of the work in Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction is within reach of AI now?
- An estimated 19% of the paid hours in Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction are within reach of AI models now and 22% by the end of 2028, on METR's long-run pace at four in five. Within reach means a model could finish work that long at that reliability. It is not a forecast of jobs lost or of savings.
- Which jobs in Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction carry the most hours within reach?
- By hours within reach now (projected from METR's April 2026 measurement and Epoch's November 2026 index): First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers (110,250 people, 32% of their time, about 73 million hours a year); Construction Managers (49,180 people, 38% of their time, about 39 million hours a year); and Project Management Specialists (27,970 people, 58% of their time, about 34 million hours a year).
- Which tasks in Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction carry the most hours within reach by the end of 2028?
- Estimate material or worker requirements to complete jobs (First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers, about 26 million hours a year); Read specifications, such as blueprints, to determine construction requirements or to plan procedures (First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers, about 13 million hours a year); and Analyze worker or production problems and recommend solutions, such as improving production methods or implementing motivational plans (First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers, about 11 million hours a year).
- What would people working in Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction learn first?
- Among the 1,094,958 people in jobs reviewed task by task, the skills most often among the first two things to learn on their job's page are the hands-on craft (712,710 people); judgment where errors are severe (673,030 people); and reviewing work you did not do yourself (365,448 people). By the end of 2028 on the long-run pace at four in five, about 76% of their working time stays with people, 19% becomes checking a model's work and 4% can be handed over with lighter checks. It says which parts of the work change, never whether anyone keeps a job.
- How is this estimated?
- BLS counts the people in each occupation in Heavy and Civil Engineering Construction (May 2025); each occupation's share of working time within reach comes from its O*NET tasks, each with an estimated length checked against GDPval, and METR's measurements of how long a task the best AI models can finish, carried forward to the date from the latest, Claude Mythos Preview (early) in April 2026. The industry's share is those shares weighted by people. Task data covers 99% of its people, and 92% are in occupations reviewed task by task. Data checked November 10, 2026.
Embed these figures on your site
A small card with the share of working time within reach now and at the end of 2027, 2028 and 2030, the date and a link back. Free under CC BY 4.0; the card carries the credit.