Industry group, 4931
Warehousing and Storage
1,963,680 people work in this industry in the US, at mean pay of $53,680 a year (BLS, May 2025). What follows is how much of their working time the best AI models could finish, when, and in which jobs and tasks. Estimates.
of the paid hours. Now is projected from METR's April 2026 measurement and Epoch's November 2026 index.
a year: 812 million hours at what they cost. Not a forecast of savings.
- 22%
- 8%
- 70%
of the paid hours are within reach now in tasks people already bring to Claude. Another 18% is within reach in tasks not yet seen there.
Across the US: 30% within reach now and 36% by the end of 2028, on the long-run pace at four in five. Now is projected from METR's April 2026 measurement and Epoch's November 2026 index.
Share of the paid hours within reach, now to 2030
Change assumptionsHide assumptionsLong-run pace, four in five
What each choice means: , , , , . Every pace starts from .
What handing the work over would take
For the 1,927,144 people in jobs so far, 98% of the industry's people; the others are in the totals above and join this split as the review reaches their jobs. Shares of their working time within reach now, at the pace and reliability chosen above. Estimates. Now is projected from METR's April 2026 measurement and Epoch's November 2026 index.
about 445 million hours a year. The material can be handed to a model and the result handed back.
about 351 million hours a year. The model has to be connected to the system the work lives in.
about 150 million hours a year. Short enough by length. This site leaves conversation with people, so it is not in the totals.
What their work is made of
- 13%
- 9%
- 4%
- 4%
- 70%
Each task's time split among five kinds of doing, judged one task at a time; only documents and systems can count as within reach.
What changes for the people
For the 1,927,144 people in jobs reviewed task by task so far, by the end of 2028 on the long-run pace at four in five: the shares of their working time, from each job page's own map, weighted by how many people here do that job. It says which parts of the work change, never whether anyone keeps a job. Estimates.
Conversation, in-person and hands-on work.
Desk work within reach in tasks where a mistake costs something or a licensed person signs.
Desk work within reach that is small if wrong, with lighter checks.
What most people here would learn first
How many of them have each skill among the first two things to learn on their job's page. Every state, and the US
- The hands-on craft1,633,243 (85%)
- Briefing a model and checking its drafts636,119 (33%)
- Reviewing work you did not do yourself394,131 (20%)
- Signing off under your license289,050 (15%)
- Judgment where errors are severe189,225 (10%)
- The conversations104,730 (5%)
- Running AI inside the business systems66,830 (3%)
- Dealing with people outside the organization7,840 (under 1%)
- Handling protected records120 (under 1%)
How far this has come
With GPT-4, measured in March 2023, 0% of this industry's paid hours were within reach at . With Claude 3.7 Sonnet, measured in February 2025, 2%. With Claude Mythos Preview (early), measured in April 2026, 16%. Today's estimate: 20%.
A backcast: today's task data with the best model METR had measured by each date. It shows how fast the models have moved, not what anyone forecast at the time.
Robots and the physical work
Anthropic rates 74% of the working time of the people in this industry as physical work. For 71% of the working time, a robot has been shown doing most of the task somewhere: 33% in a purpose-built cell, 38% in a structured facility, 1% in any setting. 1.11 of 3.
- Not physical 26%
- No robot shown 3%
- In a purpose-built cell 33%
- In a structured facility 38%
- In any setting 1%
Anthropic's rating, not this site's estimate: Claude Opus 5, searching the web, rated each physical O*NET task by the kind of setting in which a robot it could cite (deployed, sold or demonstrated) does most of the task, weighted by its own estimate of each task's share of the time (What work can robots do?, September 30, 2026, data CC BY 4.0; every job ranked). A robot shown somewhere is not a robot in your building: cost, setup and safety decide that. The share within reach on this page still counts no body work. Weighted by the people in each occupation; each job's page names the robot behind each rated task.
Where the hours are
Jobs by hours within reach now. Now is projected from METR's April 2026 measurement and Epoch's November 2026 index. The 40 largest jobs hold 94% of the people.
| People | Pay here | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stockers and Order Fillers | 457,740 | 19% | 184 million | $45K |
| Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks | 89,090 | 53% | 98 million | $47K |
| Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand | 433,060 | 9% | 81 million | $46K |
| Customer Service Representatives | 21,000 | 64% | 28 million | $46K |
| Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers | 93,410 | 14% | 27 million | $60K |
| First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers | 23,290 | 54% | 26 million | $77K |
| Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks | 15,820 | 72% | 24 million | $50K |
| First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators | 22,823 | 45% | 21 million | $72K |
| General and Operations Managers | 19,790 | 45% | 19 million | $110K |
| Office Clerks, General | 13,990 | 56% | 16 million | $47K |
| First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand | 22,823 | 33% | 16 million | $72K |
| First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants | 22,823 | 32% | 15 million | $72K |
People: BLS counts for this industry, May 2025. Pay here: the median paid for the job in this industry, else its mean, else the national median. 211 smaller jobs (116,730 people) count in every total but are not listed. Task data covers 100% of the industry's people; the rest are in BLS "all other" groups with no task list, or in counts BLS does not publish.
The tasks with the most hours within reach by the end of 2028
Across the whole industry, on the chosen pace and reliability.
- Record numbers of units handled or moved, using daily production sheets or work tickets.Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand60 million hours100% of the task within reach
- Determine proper storage methods, identification, and stock location, based on turnover, environmental factors, and physical capabilities of facilities.Stockers and Order Fillers34 million hours80% of the task within reach
- Requisition merchandise from supplier, based on available space, merchandise on hand, customer demand, or advertised specials.Stockers and Order Fillers26 million hours100% of the task within reach
- Prepare documents, such as work orders, bills of lading, or shipping orders, to route materials.Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks24 million hours100% of the task within reach
- Recommend disposal of excess, defective, or obsolete stock.Stockers and Order Fillers21 million hours50% of the task within reach
- Read work orders or receive oral instructions to determine work assignments or material or equipment needs.Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand20 million hours50% of the task within reach
- Receive and count stock items, and record data manually or on computer.Stockers and Order Fillers19 million hours30% of the task within reach
- Determine shipping methods, routes, or rates for materials to be shipped.Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks17 million hours100% of the task within reach
- Keep records on the use or damage of stock or stock-handling equipment.Stockers and Order Fillers16 million hours100% of the task within reach
- Design and set up advertising signs and displays of merchandise on shelves, counters, or tables to attract customers and promote sales.Stockers and Order Fillers16 million hours30% of the task within reach
Scan a typical company in this industry
The industry's largest jobs, in the proportions BLS counts across the whole industry, at the pay it pays, run through the company scan. A starting point before you have a roster, or a benchmark for the one you have. Or choose the whole industry: every occupation BLS publishes for it with task data, at its nationwide headcount, the sector report ($249 for the full report, or included in Pro).
How it is built: BLS counts the people in each job in this industry; each job's tasks and their lengths give its share within reach at a date; the industry's share is those shares weighted by people. Value is pay times 1.43 for benefits and payroll costs. Seen in Claude use splits today's share by whether Anthropic saw people bring each task to Claude in 2025; other AI tools are not counted. How it works
Questions about this industry
- How much of the work in Warehousing and Storage is within reach of AI now?
- An estimated 20% of the paid hours in Warehousing and Storage are within reach of AI models now and 22% by the end of 2028, on METR's long-run pace at four in five. Within reach means a model could finish work that long at that reliability. It is not a forecast of jobs lost or of savings.
- Which jobs in Warehousing and Storage carry the most hours within reach?
- By hours within reach now (projected from METR's April 2026 measurement and Epoch's November 2026 index): Stockers and Order Fillers (457,740 people, 19% of their time, about 184 million hours a year); Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks (89,090 people, 53% of their time, about 98 million hours a year); and Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand (433,060 people, 9% of their time, about 81 million hours a year).
- Which tasks in Warehousing and Storage carry the most hours within reach by the end of 2028?
- Record numbers of units handled or moved, using daily production sheets or work tickets (Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand, about 60 million hours a year); Determine proper storage methods, identification, and stock location, based on turnover, environmental factors, and physical capabilities of facilities (Stockers and Order Fillers, about 34 million hours a year); and Requisition merchandise from supplier, based on available space, merchandise on hand, customer demand, or advertised specials (Stockers and Order Fillers, about 26 million hours a year).
- What would people working in Warehousing and Storage learn first?
- Among the 1,927,144 people in jobs reviewed task by task, the skills most often among the first two things to learn on their job's page are the hands-on craft (1,633,243 people); briefing a model and checking its drafts (636,119 people); and reviewing work you did not do yourself (394,131 people). By the end of 2028 on the long-run pace at four in five, about 78% of their working time stays with people, 13% becomes checking a model's work and 9% can be handed over with lighter checks. It says which parts of the work change, never whether anyone keeps a job.
- How is this estimated?
- BLS counts the people in each occupation in Warehousing and Storage (May 2025); each occupation's share of working time within reach comes from its O*NET tasks, each with an estimated length checked against GDPval, and METR's measurements of how long a task the best AI models can finish, carried forward to the date from the latest, Claude Mythos Preview (early) in April 2026. The industry's share is those shares weighted by people. Task data covers 100% of its people, and 98% are in occupations reviewed task by task. Data checked November 10, 2026.
Embed these figures on your site
A small card with the share of working time within reach now and at the end of 2027, 2028 and 2030, the date and a link back. Free under CC BY 4.0; the card carries the credit.